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- TOPIC SENTENCE
- STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH/ANLYZING OF PARAGRAPH WRITING
- RECOGNISE AND INTERPRET COHASIVE DEVICE
- DISTINGUISH BETWEEN FACT AND OPINION
- PRE-READING
- NOTES TAKING TACHNIQUE
What is communication?
"the exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium."
"sending or receiving information, such as telephone lines or computers."
"communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another.” In simple words it is a process of transmitting and sharing ideas, opinions, facts, values etc. from one person to another or one organization to another ."
Communication is a Latin word which means ‘to share’. It is the sharing of information between different individuals. It includes the sharing of ideas, concepts, imaginations, behaviours and written content. Communication is simply defined as the transfer of information from one place to another. This transfer of information can be conducted in different ways.
What are communication skills?
Communication skills are abilities you use when giving and receiving different kinds of information. Some examples include communicating ideas, feelings or what’s happening around you. Communication skills involve listening, speaking, observing and empathizing. It is also helpful to understand the differences in how to communicate through face-to-face interactions, phone conversations and digital communications.
Communication, at its simplest, is the act of transferring information from one place to another. It may be vocally (using voice), written (using printed or digital media such as books, magazines, websites or emails), visually (using logos, maps, charts or graphs) or non-verbally (using body language, gestures and the tone and pitch of voice). In practice, it is often a combination of several of these.
The Importance of Good Communication Skills
Developing your communication skills can help all aspects of your life, from your professional life to social gatherings and everything in between.
Effective Communication
Effective communication is about more than just exchanging information. It’s about understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information. As well as being able to clearly convey a message, you need to also listen in a way that gains the full meaning of what’s being said and makes the other person feel heard and understood.
Reading comprehension is the ability to process text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. Fundamental skills required in efficient reading comprehension are knowing meaning of words, ability to understand meaning of a word from discourse context, ability to follow organization of passage and to identify references in it, ability to draw inferences from a passage about its contents, ability to identify the main thought of a passage, ability to questions answered in a passage, ability to recognize the literary devices or propositional structures used in a passage and determine its tone.
What is comparison and contrast in reading and writing?
Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar, while contrast in writing discusses elements that are different. A compare-and-contrast essay, then, analyzes two subjects by comparing them, contrasting them, or both.
purpose of comparing and contrasting
The key to a good compare-and-contrast essay is to choose two or more subjects that connect in a meaningful way. The purpose of conducting the comparison or contrast is not to state the obvious but rather to illuminate subtle differences or unexpected similarities.
Cause and Effect in Composition
Definition
In composition, cause and effect is a method of paragraph or essay development in which a writer analyzes the reasons for—and/or the consequences of—an action, event, or decision.
Cause-and-Effect Linking Words
Before you go on to work on the grammar and writing exercises in this unit, read through this brief review of linking words and phrases for cause and effect. There are three main types of linking words: conjunctions, transitions, and prepositions.
Conjunctions
The most important conjunctions are because, as, since, and so. “Because”, “as”, and “since” introduce a cause; “so” introduces an effect. These are used to join two complete sentences (or independent clauses) together. They are often used like this:
For example:
I stayed at home because it was raining.
Or:
It was raining, so I stayed at home.
(use a comma before “so”)
You can also reverse the order of the sentences with because , as , and since .
For example:
Because it was raining, I stayed at home.
(use a comma between the first and second sentences)
Note that this is not possible with “so”.
Prepositions
The most important prepositions are due to and because of. Both of these introduce a cause in the form of a noun phrase. They are often used like this:
Sentence due to noun phrase.
Because of noun phrase, setence
For example:
I stayed at home due to the rain.
Or:
Because of the rain, I stayed at home.
Skimming is reading a text quickly to get a general idea of meaning. It can be contrasted with scanning, which is reading in order to find specific information, e.g. figures or names. ... Skimming is a specific reading skill which is common in reading newspapers, messages and e-mails.
Example
A learner taking a reading exam decides to approach text by looking at the title, introductions, and any diagrams and sub-headings, then skim reading to get a clear general idea of what the text is about.
In the classroom
Skimming is a specific reading skill which is common in reading newspapers, messages and e-mails. It is important that learners understand that there is no need to read every word when skimming, so often teachers set this as a timed task to encourage speed.
3 types of skimming
There are three types of skimming: preview, overview, and review.
Preview skimming
Most often followed by a second skimming or a thorough reading, preview skimming is used
in selecting a book.
in surveying a chapter before reading or studying.
in finding appropriate material for use in research.
in sorting through correspondence before answering it.
You preview in an effort to learn about the ideas presented and the structure of their development.
Method: Read the first paragraph, and the headings and first sentences of later paragraphs and sections.
Overview skimming
You use overview skimming to sample the reading material more thoroughly than you do in a preview, as you may not intend to read the material at a later time.
Method: As you do in preview skimming, you would read the first paragraph, the headings and first sentences of paragraphs and sections, but in addition, as you alternately read and skim, you alert yourself to the structure and content of the material through an awareness of paragraph patterns, thought transitions, and clue words.
This awareness will help you to understand the content, to recall more information, and to see relationships more clearly and quickly.
Review skimming
Your purpose with review skimming is to re-familiarise yourself with material you have previously read thoroughly or skimmed.
Method: Prepare yourself by trying to remember as many of the ideas and details clearly. It may be that you already have a good grasp of the main ideas and will be stopping primarily to note significant details - names, places, terms, etc. You may be trying to establish in your mind a sequence of events or a procedure, or you may be attempting to fill in a skeleton outline to clarify the structure of the whole.
Familiarity with the material will enable you to skim over a great deal of it, stopping only when necessary.
Advantage
- We can understand the contents of each passages exactly.
- We can figure out the main idea easily.
- We can understand the organization of the text perfectly.
- We can save the time when competitive exam, perfect time in management.
- We can save the time to read long passage.
- We can improve the understanding of the text.
- We can choose correct answer exactly.
- We can trained to run their eye to get information quickly, directly
- We can stimulated to be active and active in both asking and answering the question about specific information and clues related to the text.
Disadvantage
- Superficial, not specific enough to be able to tell all the details, to pass exam about it. we often have go back and re-read the entire passage again to understand
- Poor comprehension and retention of material.
[2:58 AM, 10/10/2020] +92 303 0221977: Scanning is a reading technique to be used when you want to find specific information quickly. In scanning you have a question in your mind and you read a passage only to find the answer, ignoring unrelated information.
How to Scan:
* State the specific information you are looking for.
* Try to anticipate how the answer will appear and what clues you might use to help you locate the answer. For example, if you were looking for a certain date, you would quickly read the paragraph looking only for numbers.
* Use headings and any other aids that will help you identify which sections might contain the information you are looking for.
* Selectively read and skip through sections of the passage.
